Elizabethan England (1568-1603) Study Guide

Overview

Elizabethan England refers to the period of English history during the reign of Queen Elizabeth I, from 1558 to 1603. This era is often lauded as a golden age in English history, characterized by significant cultural, political, and social developments.

Key Figures

Queen Elizabeth I

• Reign: 1558-1603
• Significance: The daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn, Elizabeth I is renowned for her astute and effective leadership, which brought stability and prosperity to England. Her reign is often referred to as the Elizabethan Era or the Golden Age due to its substantial contributions to the arts, exploration, and the strengthening of the English state.

Sir Francis Drake

• Occupation: Sea captain, privateer, and navigator
• Significance: Drake is celebrated for his circumnavigation of the globe from 1577 to 1580 and his pivotal role in the defeat of the Spanish Armada in 1588. His exploits significantly contributed to England's burgeoning status as a formidable naval power.

William Shakespeare

• Occupation: Playwright and poet
• Significance: Shakespeare's oeuvre, including seminal works such as "Hamlet," "Romeo and Juliet," and "Macbeth," has had a profound and lasting impact on English literature and drama. His mastery of the English language and deep understanding of human nature continue to resonate with audiences and scholars alike.

Key Events

The Spanish Armada (1588)

• Description: The Spanish Armada was a massive fleet dispatched by Spain in 1588 with the intention of invading England. The English navy, under the command of distinguished leaders like Sir Francis Drake, successfully repelled the Armada, marking a decisive moment in European history.
• Significance: The defeat of the Spanish Armada not only established England as a dominant naval power but also bolstered national pride and reinforced the Protestant Reformation.

The Elizabethan Religious Settlement (1559)

• Description: This settlement comprised a series of legislative acts passed during the early years of Elizabeth's reign to establish a moderate form of Protestantism as the national religion.
• Significance: The Elizabethan Religious Settlement was instrumental in stabilizing religious discord in England and laid the foundational framework for the Anglican Church, balancing elements of both Protestantism and Catholicism to maintain political and social harmony.

Culture and Society

The Arts

• Theatre: The Elizabethan era witnessed the flourishing of English drama, with playwrights such as William Shakespeare and Christopher Marlowe achieving prominence. The construction of theatres like The Globe provided venues for the burgeoning theatrical culture.
• Literature: Poetry and prose also thrived, with works by Edmund Spenser and Sir Philip Sidney gaining acclaim. The period is noted for its rich literary output, reflecting the complexities and aspirations of the time.

Daily Life

• Social Hierarchy: Elizabethan society was highly stratified, with the monarchy and nobility at the apex, followed by the gentry, merchants, and commoners. The rigid social structure influenced various aspects of daily life, including fashion, marriage, and economic opportunities.
• Fashion: Clothing was elaborate and often used to display social status. The use of ruffs, doublets, and farthingales was common among the upper classes, reflecting the intricate and opulent fashion trends of the period.

Exploration and Trade

• Exploration: The Elizabethan era was marked by significant exploration and expansion, with explorers like Sir Walter Raleigh and Sir Francis Drake venturing into new territories. These expeditions contributed to the expansion of the English empire and the establishment of trade routes.
• Trade: England established trade routes and trading companies, such as the East India Company, which played a crucial role in expanding English influence overseas and fostering economic growth.

Economy

Agriculture

• Description: Agriculture was the backbone of the Elizabethan economy, with the majority of the population engaged in farming. The introduction of new farming techniques and crop varieties helped increase productivity and support population growth.
• Significance: The agricultural sector's growth was pivotal in sustaining the economy and providing the necessary resources for other sectors to develop.

Industry

• Description: The wool and cloth industries were significant contributors to the economy, with English wool being highly sought after in European markets. The growth of these industries spurred economic development and urbanization.
• Significance: The burgeoning industries not only stimulated economic growth but also facilitated the rise of a burgeoning middle class, which would later play a crucial role in the socio-economic transformations of England.

Politics

The Privy Council

• Description: The Privy Council was a group of advisors selected by the queen to assist in the administration of the government. It played a central role in shaping policy and ensuring the smooth operation of the state.
• Significance: The Privy Council's efficacy and support were vital in maintaining the stability and governance of England during Elizabeth's reign.

Parliament

• Description: Parliament was composed of the House of Commons and the House of Lords. Although its role was limited compared to modern standards, it was essential in passing laws and granting taxes.
• Significance: The evolving relationship between the monarchy and Parliament during Elizabeth's reign set important precedents for future interactions and the development of constitutional governance in England.

Timeline of Significant Events

• 1558: Elizabeth I ascends to the throne, marking the beginning of the Elizabethan Era.
• 1559: The Elizabethan Religious Settlement is enacted, establishing Protestantism as the national religion.
• 1564: William Shakespeare is born in Stratford-upon-Avon.
• 1577-1580: Sir Francis Drake undertakes his circumnavigation of the globe.
• 1587: Mary, Queen of Scots, is executed for her involvement in plots to overthrow Elizabeth I.
• 1588: The Spanish Armada is defeated by the English navy.
• 1599: The Globe Theatre is built in London, becoming a central venue for Shakespeare's plays.
• 1600: The East India Company is established, marking the beginning of English expansion into Asia.
• 1603: Elizabeth I dies, and James VI of Scotland ascends to the English throne as James I, ending the Elizabethan Era.

Conclusion

The Elizabethan era was a period of remarkable change and development in England. It was marked by significant achievements in the arts, exploration, and politics, as well as challenges such as religious conflict and economic transformation. The legacy of this period continues to influence English culture and history.

Quiz